INDEPENDENT REVIEW OR AUDIT? THE SME IMPLICATIONS WORTH PONDERING
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbnegotia.2017.2.01Keywords:
accounting proficiency, audit, independent review, SME finance, SME sustainability.Abstract
SME accessibility to finance is widely regarded as a crucial contributing factor to sustainability. It is also generally accepted that access to finance is considerably more difficult for SMEs than for larger corporations. The statutory audit of financial statements for qualifying SMEs in South Africa has been abolished and replaced with the option to do an independent review of the financial statements. This paper considers this abolishment from two perspectives. Firstly, the problem being investigated in this study is whether the lack of audited financial statements has negatively affected SME access to bank financing. This is done by testing the perspectives of SME owners/managers in this regard. A further problem looks at mitigating action SMEs can take to improve their risk profile during a banks assessment of a loan application. Knowledge of basic accounting principles has been identified as a potential mitigating factor by various researchers. This study gains insight into the views and perceptions of SME owners/managers pertaining to their perceived accounting knowledge and or skillsets.
JEL Classification: M13, M41, M42, M48
References
Abdul Aziz, N. (2002). Audit Exemption for Private Limited Companies. Akauntan Nasional, April Issue.
Abor, J. & Quartey, P. (2010). Issues in SME Development in Ghana and South Africa. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics 39. Available: at http://www.eurojournals.com/irjfe_39_15.pdf Date of access: 17 April 2015.
Accountancy Asia. (2011). Available at: http://www.accountancyasia.com/news/comment-the-value-of-an-audit-to-smes Date of access: 5 January 2015.
Act see South Africa.
AICPA see American Institute of CPAs.
Alexander, J.R. (2002). History of Accounting. Available at: http://www.suu.edu/scps/courses/ba1010/ba1010_lesson5.html Date of access: 28 June 2015.
American Institute of CPAs. (2015). Guide to Financial Statements: Compilation, Review and Audit. Available at: https://www.aicpa.org/InterestAreas/PrivateCompaniesPracticeSection/QualityServicesDelivery/KeepingUp/DownloadableDocuments/financial-statement-services-guide.pdf Date of Access: 12 February 2017.
Ayyagari, M.; Demirgüç–Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V. (2012). Financing of Firms in Developing Countries Lessons from Research. World Bank Working Paper.
Banking Association of South Africa. (2014). South African Banking Sector Overview. Available at: http://www.banking.org.za/docs/default-source/publication/banking-sector-overview.pdf?sfvrsn=6. Date of access: 11 March 2016.
Beck, T.; Demirgüç–Kunt, A. and Maksimovic, V. (2005). Financial and Legal Constraints to Growth: Does Firm Size Matter? The Journal of Finance, 60(1).
Berger, A., and Udell, G. (2006). A More Complete Conceptual Framework for SME Finance. Journal of Banking and Finance, 30.
Buffet, M. & Clark, D. (2008). Warren Buffett and the Interpretation of Financial Statements, The Search for the Company with a Durable Competitive Advantage. New York: Scriber.
Buys, P.W. (2011). Legitimacy Lost: Accountancy’s Predicament. Studia Philosophica. 1.
Chimucheka, T & Rungani, E.C. (2011). The Impact of Inaccessibility to Bank Finance and Lack of Financial Management Knowledge to Small, Medium and Micro-enterprises in Buffalo City Municipality. South Africa. African Journal of Business Management, 5(14).
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences (revised edition), Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
CQS. (2012). Calculate Your Business’s Public Interest Score. Available at: http://www.cqs.co.za/caseware-news/news/calculate-your-businesss-public-interest-score/ Date of access: 14 October 2016.
Edwards, J.D. (1960). Early Bookkeeping and Its Development into Accounting. The Business History Review, 34(4).
Fogo, J.R. (1905). History of Bookkeeping. In A History of Accounting and Accountants, ed. by Brown, R. Washington D. C.: Beard Books.
Foo Kon Tan Grant Thornton. (2008). Available at: http://www.acra.gov.sg/NR/rdonlyres/F394A87E-D95E-44C1-A79A-0EB54CDB89A9/9460/AuditExemptionforSmallCompanies1.pdf Date of access: 19 January 2015.
Geisel, T.S. (2016). 21 Dr. Seuss Quotes to Get You through the Day. Available at: https://www.theodysseyonline.com/21-dr-seuss-quotes-day Date of access: 11 January 2017.
Grant Thornton see Foo Kon Tan Grant Thornton
Haron, H.; Said, S.B.; Jayaraman, K. & Ismail, I. (2013). Factors Influencing Small Medium Enterprises (SMES) in Obtaining Loans. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(15).
Haynes, G.W.; Ou, C. and Berney, R. (1999). Small Business Borrowing from Large and Small Banks. Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Proceedings 776.
Hudson MacIntyre, M.H.A. (2015). Independent Examination vs. Audit. Available at: http://www.macintyrehudson.co.uk/sites/www.macintyrehudson.co.uk/files/independent_examination_vs._audit.pdf Date of access: 11 December 2016.
IRMSA see The Institute of Risk Management of South Africa
Kennelly, K. (2012). Audit vs. Review vs. Compilation. Available at: http://ksquared.biz/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/audit-vs-review-vs-compilation.pdf Date of access: 11 February 2017.
Mahembe, E. (2011). Literature Review on Small and Medium Enterprises’ Access to Credit and Support in South Africa. Prepared for The National Credit Regulator. Pretoria. Underhill Corporate Solutions.
Malhorta, M.; Chen, Y.; Criscuolo, A.; Fan, Q.; Hamel, I.I.; and Saychenko, Y. (2007). Expanding Access to Finance: Good Practices and Policies for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises. Washington, D.C. World Bank.
Mann Weitz & Associates. (2012). What is the Difference Between a Compilation, a Review and an Audit? Available at: http://www.mannweitz.com/sites/default/files/What%20is%20the%20Difference%20Between%20An%20Audit%2C%20A%20Review%20and%20A%20Compilation.pdf Date of access: 13 February 2017.
MacIntyre see Hudson MacIntyre
Mazanai, M. & Fatoki, O. (2012). Access to Finance in the SME Sector: A South African Perspective. Asian Journal of Business Management, 4(1).
McCarthy, P.; Sangster, A. & Stoner, G. (2008). Pacioli and Humanism: Pitching the text in Summa Arithmetica. Accounting History, 13.
Mills, K.G. & McCarthy, K. (2014). The State of Small Business Lending: Credit access during the Recovery and How Technology May Change the Game. Harvard Business School. Working paper 15-004.
National Federation of Independent Businesses. (2012). Small Business, Credit Access, and a Lingering Recession. Available at: http://www.nfib.com/Portals/0/PDF/AllUsers/research/studies/small-business-credit-study-nfib-2012.pdf Date of access: 6 December 2015.
NFIB see National Federation of Independent Businesses
OECD see Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development
Othman, R.; Abidin, Z.Z.; Thirumanickam, N. (2013). Directors? View on Exemption from Statutory Audit. Asian Journal of Empirical Research, 3(10).
Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development. (2009). The Impact of the Global Crisis on SME and Entrepreneurship Financing and Policy Responses. Available at: www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/43183090.pdf Date of access: 5 January 2014.
Pitcher Partners. (2010). Available at: http://www.pitcher.com.au/Documents/Discussion%20Paper%20-%20the%20Value%20of%20an%20Audit.pdf Date of access: 12 January 2015.
Rohn, J. (2016). 20 Quotes from Jim Rohn: Putting Success and Life into Perspective. Available at: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/271873. Date of access: 7 December 2016.
SAICA see South African Institute of Chartered Accountants
Salleh, A., Rose, R. C., Kumar, N., & Jaafar, S. (2008). Auditors’ Perceptions on Obliteration of Mandatory Annual Audit: An Empirical Study. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 14. Available at: http://www.academia.edu/6362363/Auditors_Perceptions_on_Obliteration_of_Mandatory_Annual_Audit_An_Empirical_Study. Date of access: 24 November 2016.
Sangster, A. (2010). Using Accounting History and Luca Pacioli to Put Relevance Back into the Teaching of Double Entry. Accounting, Business & Financial History, 20(1).
Shev, J. (2012). Financial Statements and the Public Interest Score. Auditing SA. Summer 2011/12. Available at: http://www.saiga.co.za/home_htm_files/9%20Shev.pdf Date of access: 7 December 2016.
Sian, S. & Roberts, C. (2009). UK Small Owner-managed Businesses: Accounting and Financial Reporting Needs. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16(2).
South Africa. (2008). Act. Pretoria: Government Press.
South African Institute of Chartered Accountants. (2010). To Audit or Not to Audit? Available at: https://www.saica.co.za/tabid/695/itemid/2405/language/en-ZA/To-audit-or-not-to-audit.aspx Date of access: 1 July 2015.
South African Institute of Chartered Accountants. (2012). The Revised Companies Act is Good News for SMEs. Available at: https://www.saica.co.za/Default.aspx?TabId=695&itemid=3443&language=en-ZA Date of access: 3 July 2016.
ten Have, O. (1976). The History of Accountancy. California: Bay Books.
The Conversation. (2012). Available at: http://theconversation.com/financing-the-small-business-sector-what-has-been-the-impact-of-the-gfc-6894 Date of access: 16 January 2016.
The Institute of Risk Management of South Africa. (2015). Challenges Facing Small Businesses. Available at: http://www.irmsa.org.za/blogpost/1163465/207823/Challenges-facing-small-businesses Date of access: 23 November 2016.
Turner, M.A., Varghese, R. and walker, P. (2008). Information Sharing and SMME Financing in South Africa: A Survey of the Landscape. PERC Press. North Carolina. USA
Warsono-Bin-Hardono, S. (2013). Solving the Mystery of Double Entry Bookkeeping. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2339864 Date of access: 11 March 2015.
Wattanapruttipaisan, T. (2003). Four Proposals for Improved Financing of SME Development in ASEAN. Asian Development Review, 20(2).
Wiersch, A.M. & Shane, S. (2013). Why Small Business Lending Isn’t What it Used to Be. Economic Commentary, 10.
World Bank. (2013). Available: http://www.enterprisesurveys.org/ Date of access: 20 December 2013.
World Bank. (2015). Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Finance. Available at: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/financialsector/brief/smes-finance Date of access: 3 January 2017.
Yoshino, N. & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2016). Major Challenges Facing Small and Medium Sized Enterprises in Asia and Solutions for Mitigating Them. ADBI Working Paper 564. Tokyo: Asian Development Bank Institute. Available: http://www.adb.org/publications/majorchallenges-facing-small-and-medium-sized-enterprises-asia-and-solutions/. Date of access: 19 December 2016.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2017 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Negotia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.