Lycopene and Phycocyanin - biological properties in experimental diabetes: 2. Effects on biochemical, enzymatic and histological parameters
Keywords:
diabetes, lycopene, phycocyanin, streptozotocin.Abstract
The economic impact of diagnosing, treating and monitoring diabetic patients is huge, for both patients and medical systems involved. Adequate diets are hard to follow especially in poor countries, and stress life significantly contributes to diabetes development. In addition, access to relevant treatment may be limited for many patients and some medical policies do not help.
Dietary supplements are a key to help patients raising their quality of life, to alleviate symptoms and in some cases, to reduce insulin doses.
40 adult male Wistar rats were used, divided in 4 groups of 10 animals each: Control (C), Diabetic (D), Diabetic+Lycopene (DL) and Diabetic+Spirulina (DS). Diabetes was induced with a single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg STZ/kg body weight) in the tail vein. The DL group was given 10 mg lycopene/kg/day, while the DS group received 200 mg phycocyanin/kg/day in the form of Arthrospira (Spirulina) powder containing 15% phycocyanin.
Treatment with Arthrospira powder reduced the activity of seric alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and seric aspartate aminotransferase (AST) in diabetic animals (DS). Serum catalase (CAT) activity in the DS group was significantly reduced, compared to both C and D groups. Hepatic CAT activity in both treated groups increased as compared to the control and diabetic group. Furthermore, phycocyanin and lycopene stimulated serum and hepatic lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in DL and DS rats.
References
Ahmed, H. H., Aly, H. F., Ali, S. A. (2015) Potential impact of CoQ10 and vitamin E against (STZ) induced metabolic deterioration in the albino rats, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 7(11), 176-184
Ali, M. M., Agha, F. G. (2009) Amelioration of streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, oxidative stress and dyslipidemia in rats by tomato extract lycopene, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 69(3), 371-379
Alshatwi, A. A., Al Obaaid, M. A., Al Sedairy, S.A., Al-Assaf, A. H., Zhang, J. J., Lei, K. Y. (2010) Tomato powder is more protective than lycopene supplement against lipid peroxidation in rats, Nutr. Res., 30, 66-73
Anwer, R., Alam, A., Khursheed, S., Kashif, S. M., Kabir, H., Fatma, T. (2013) Spirulina: possible pharmacological evaluation for insulin-like protein, J. Appl. Phycol., 25(3), 883-889
Bayramoglu, A., Bayramoglu, G., Senturk, H. (2013) Lycopene partially reverses symptoms of diabetes in rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes, J. Med. Food, 16(2), 128-132
Belokobylsky, A., Ginturi, E., Kuchava, N., Kirkesali, E., Mosulishvili, L., Frontasyeva, M., Pavlov S.S., Aksenova N.G. (2004) Accumulation of selenium and chromium in the growth dynamics of Spirulina platensis, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 259(1), 65-68
Bergmeyer, H. U., Bernt, E. (1974) Lactate dehydrogenase, In: Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Bermeyer, H. U. (ed), Academic Press, New York, 2, pp. 574-579
Biessels, G. J., Reijmer, Y. D. (2014) Brain changes underlying cognitive dysfunction in diabetes: what can we learn from MRI?, Diabetes, 63, 2244-2252
Bradford, M. M. (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Analit. Biochem., 72, 248-254
Cichoz-Lach, H., Michalak, A. (2014) Oxidative stress as a crucial factor in liver diseases, World J. Gastroenterol., 20(25), 8082-8091
Devendra, K., Dolly, W., Sunil, P., Neeraj, K., Suresh, W. (2014) Extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (CCC540), Indian J. Plant Physiol., 19(2), 184-188
El-Sheekh, M. M., Hamad, S. M., Gomaa, M. (2014) Protective effects of Spirulina on the liver function and hyperlipidemia of rats and human, Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol., 57(1), 77-86
Eze, E. D., Tanko, Y., Tende, J. A., Ehinomhen, U. A. (2016) Effects of lycopene on liver markers and glucokinase activity in experimentally-induced diabetes mellitus rat model, J. Basic appl. Res., 2(3), 353-362
Gargouri, M., Magné, C., El Feki, A. (2016) Hyperglycemia, oxidative stress, liver damage and dysfunction in alloxan-induced diabetic rat are prevented by Spirulina supplementation, Nutrition Res., http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nutres.2016.09.011
Góth, L. (2008) Catalase deficiency and type 2 diabetes, Diabetes Care, 31(12), c93
Guo, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, Y. (2015) Beneficial effect of lycopene on anti-diabetic nephropathy through diminishing inflammatory response and oxidative stress, Food Funct., 6(4), 1150–1156
Heber, D., Lu, K. -Y. (2002) Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene, Exp. Biol. Med., 227, 920-923
Hirata, T., Tanaka, M., Ookie, M., Tsunomura, T., Sakaguchi, M. (2000) Antioxidant activities of phycocyanobilin prepared from Spirulina platensis, J. Appl. Phycol., 12(3), 435-439
Huang, M., Gao, L., Yang, L., Lin, F., Lei, H. (2012) Abnormalities in the brain of streptozotocin-induced type 1 diabetic rats revealed by diffusion tensor imaging, NeuroImage: Clinical, 1, 57-65
Kensler, T. W., Wakabayashi, N. (2009) Nrf2: Friend or foe for chemoprevention? Carcinogenesis, 31(1), 90-99
Kim, A. -Y., Jeong, Y. -J., Park, Y. B., Lee, M. -K., Jeon, S. -M., McGregor, R. A., Choi, M. -S. (2012) Dose dependent effects of lycopene enriched tomato-wine on liver and adipose tissue in high-fat diet fed rats, Food Chem., 130, 42-48
Kong, K. -W., Khoo, H. -E., Prasad, K. N., Ismail, A., Tan, C. -P., Rajab, N. F. (2010) Revealing the power of the natural red pigment lycopene, Molecules, 15, 959-987
Layam, A., Reddy, C. (2006) Antidiabetic Property of Spirulina, Diabetologia Croatica, 35(2), 29-33
Lenzen, S. (2008) The mechanisms of alloxan- and streptozotocin-induced diabetes, Diabetologia, 51, 216-226
Mueller, S., Riedel, H. -D., Stremmel, W. (1997) Direct evidence for catalase as the predominant H2O2-removing enzyme in human erythrocytes, Blood, 90(12), 4973-4978
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases - NIDDK (2014) Health information – Diabetes, http://www.niddk.nih.gov.
Nishanth, R. P., Ramakrishna, B. S., Jyotsna, R. G., Roy, K. R., Reddy, G. V., Reddy, P. K., Reddanna, P. (2010) C-phycocyanin inhibits MDR1 through reactive oxygen species and cyclooxygenase-2 mediated pathways in human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 649, 74-83
Ou, Y., Lin, L., Pan, Q., Yang, X., Cheng, X. (2012) Preventive effect of phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis on alloxan-injured mice, Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 34, 721-726
Palozza, P., Catalano, A., Simone, R. E., Mele, M. C., Cittadini, A. (2012) Effect of lycopene and tomato products on cholesterol metabolism, Ann. Nutr. Metab., 61, 126-134
Pribac, G., Craciun, C., Szoke-Nagy, T., Simeoni, I., Lang, C., Roșioru, C., Czapar, M., Mathe, E., Mos, L., Ardelean, A., (2011) Comparative ultrastructural study of pancreatic beta cells from diabetic rats treated with fenugreek seed flour or ganoderma flour, Annals of RSCB, 16(1), 62-80
Reitman, S., Frankel, S. (1957) A colorimetric method for the determination of serum glutamic oxalacetic and glutamic pyruvic transaminases, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 28(1), 56-63
Salih, N. D., Muslih, R. K., Hamoodi, S. R. (2009) Histological liver changes in streptozotocin induced diabetic mice, Int. Med. J. Malaysia, 8(1), 1-4
Selvan, V. K., Vijayakumar, A., Kumar, K. S.,Singh, G. N. (2011), Lycopene’s effects on health and diseases. A comprehensive review of the literature, Nat. Med. J., 3(3), ISSN 2157-6769
Sheu, M. -J., Hsieh, Y. -Y., Lai, C. -H., Chang, C. -C., Wu, C. -H. (2013) Antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant effects of C-phycocyanin in golden Syrian hamsters fed with a hypercholesterolemic diet, J. Trad. Comp. Med., 3, 41-47
Vives-Bauza, C., Starkov, A., Garcia-Arumi, E. (2007) Measurements of the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities of Superoxide Dismutase, Catalase, and Glutathione Peroxidase, in: Methods in Cell Biology, Pon, L. A., Schon, E. A. (eds), Elsevier, 80, pp 379-393
Zlatkis, A., Zak, B., Boyle, A. J. (1953) A new method for the direct determination of serum cholesterol, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 41, 486-92
Vornoli, A., Pozzo, L., Della Croce, C. M., Gervasi, P. G., Longo, V. (2014) Drug metabolism enzymes in a steatotic model of rat treated with a high fat diet and low dose of streptozotocin, Food Chem. Toxicol., 70, 54-60
Wrighten, S. A., Piroli, G. G., Grillo, C. A., Reagan, L. P. (2009) A look inside the diabetic brain: contributors to diabetes-induced brain aging, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1792, 444-453
Wu, J., Yan, L. -J. (2015) Streptozotocin-induced type I diabetes in rodents as a model for studying mitochondrial mechanisms of diabetic β cell glucotoxicity, Diabetes, Metab. Sindr. and Obesity: Targets Therap., 5(8), 181-188
Xia, D., Liu, B., Xin, W., Liu, T., Sun, J., Liu, N., Qin, S., Du, Z. (2016) Protective effects of C-phycocyanil on alcohol-induced subacute liver injury in mice, J. Appl. Phycol., 28, 765-772
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2016 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Biologia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
