RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MENTAL TOUGHNESS, STRESS, ANXIETY AND DEPRESSION
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbeag.66(1).02Keywords:
Mental toughness, Dass21, Mental toughness inventory, sport performance, stress, anxiety, depression.Abstract
Introduction. Mental toughness (MT) is defined by some authors as being fundamental to success in life. In terms of sport at the highest level, is based on the athlete's ability to perform at optimal levels under conditions considered very demanding. MT is considered one of the most important psychological construct underlying sport performance, and is seen as an umbrella concept that encompasses a large number of psychological factors / features connected to each other. Objective. The objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between mental toughness, stress, anxiety and depression among a sample of athletes. Methods. The sample in this study consisted of 47 participants. There were 57.4% males and 42.6% females. Their age ranged from 19 to 30 years with M= 21.89 (SD = 2.72). 68.1% of them being performance athletes (from different sports) and 31.9% are students of the faculty of physical education. Results. Distribution indicators were evaluated against standard skewness and kurtosis criteria. There was no significant deviation from the standards. Correlation between Mental Toughness Inventory and Dass21 overall score was r= -.53; and between MT and stress, anxiety and depression ranged between r= -.49 and r= -52. Correlation between Dass21 dimension ranged between r=.85 and r=.98. Conclusions. The results of the current study highlighted the relationship between mental toughness stress, anxiety and depression. Higher levels of MT have a significant impact in reducing stress, anxiety and depression which can help athletes perform better.
REZUMAT. Relația dintre Mental toughness, stres, anxietate și depresie. Introducere. Mental toughness (MT) este definit de autori ca fiind fundamentală pentru a avea succes în viață. În ceea ce privește sportul la nivel înalt, se bazează pe capacitatea sportivului de a performa la niveluri optime în condiții considerate foarte solicitante. MT este considerat un important construct psihologic care stă la baza performanței sportive și este văzut ca un concept umbrelă care cuprinde un număr mare de caracteristici psihologice conectate între ele. Obiective. Obiectivele studiului prezent a fost de a investiga relația dintre MT, stres, anxietate și depresia în rândul unui eșantion de sportivi. Metode. Eșantionul acestui studiu a fost format din 47 de participanți. Dintre aceștia, 57,4% bărbați și 42,6% femei. Vârsta lor a variat între 19 și 30 de ani, M=21,89 (SD = 2,72). 68,1% dintre aceștia fiind sportivi de performanță, iar 31,9% fiind studenți ai facultății de educație fizică. Rezultate. Indicatorii de distribuție au fost evaluați în raport cu criteriile standard de asimetrie și curtoză. Corelația dintre Inventarul mental toughness și scorul general Dass21 a fost r = -.53; în ceea ce privește corelațiile dintre MT și stres, anxietate și depresie acestea au variat între r = -.49 și r = -52. Corelația dintre dimensiunile Dass21 a variat între r = .85 și r = .98 Concluzii. Rezultatele studiului au evidențiat relația dintre MT, stres, anxietatea și depresie. Nivelurile mai ridicate de MT au un impact semnificativ în reducerea stresului, anxietății și a depresiei, care pot ajuta sportivii să performeze mai bine.
Cuvinte cheie: mental toughness, Dass21, inventarul mental toughness, performanță sportivă, stres, anxietate, depresie.
References
Abdul Rafeeque (2016). Mediating Role of Mindfulness on the Relationship between Mental Toughness and Athletics Performance of Inter University Track and Field Athletes. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health 2016; 3(2): 04-07.
Algani, P.W., Yuniardi, M.S., Masturah, A.N. (2018). Mental Toughness Dan Competitive Anxiety Pada Atlet Bola Voli. J Imiah Psikologi Terapan; 6(1):93-101.
Antony, M.M., Bieling, P.J., Cox, B.J., Enns M.W., Swinson R.P. (1998). Psychometric properties of the 42-item and 21-item versions of the depression anxiety stress scales in clinical groups and a community sample. Psychological Assessment; 10: 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.10.2.176.
Bolger, N., & Zuckerman, A. (1995). A framework for studying personality in the stress process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 890–902.
Chou, C., & Bentler, P. (1995). Estimates and tests in structural equation modeling. In R. Hoyle (Ed.), Structural equation modelling: Concepts, issues, and applications (pp. 37 – 55). Thousand Oaks: SAGE.
Clough, P., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: The concept and its measurement. In I. Cockerill (Ed.), Solutions in sport psychology (pp. 32- 45). London, England: Thomson.
Daniel F. Gucciardi. (2010). Mental toughness profiles and their relations with achievement goals and sport motivation in adolescent Australian footballers, Journal of Sports Sciences, 28:6, 615-625, DOI: 10.1080/02640410903582792
Declan Connaughton, Ross Wadey, Sheldon Hanton & Graham Jones. (2008). The development and maintenance of mental toughness: Perceptions of elite performers, Journal of Sports Sciences, 26:1, 83-95, DOI:10.1080/02640410701310958
Gerber, M., Brand, S., Feldmeth, A.K., Lang, C., Elliot, C., Holsboer-Trachsler, E., & Pühse, U. (2013). Adolescents with high mental toughness adapt better to perceived stress: A longitudinal study with Swiss vocational students. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(7), 808–814. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.003.
Gucciardi, D.F., Gordon, S., Dimmock, J., & Mallett, C.J. (2009). Understanding the coach’s role in the development of mental toughness: Perspectives of elite Australian football coaches. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27, 1483–1496. PubMed doi:10.1080/02640410903150475
Gucciardi, D.F., Hanton, S., Gordon, S., Mallett, C.J., & Temby, P. (2015). The Concept of Mental Toughness: Tests of Dimensionality, Nomological Network, and Traitness. Journal of Personality, 83(1), 26–44. doi:10.1111/jopy.12079
Haghighi, M., & Gerber, M. (2019). Does mental toughness buffer the relationship between perceived stress, depression, burnout, anxiety, and sleep? International Journal of Stress Management, 26(3), 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1037/str0000106
Hossein A, Mohd R.F, Soumendra S, Anwar H.H, Muzaimi M. (2016). Relationship Between Mental Toughness and Trait Anxiety in Sports. Int J Pharm Bio Sci.;7(3): 275-281.
Jones, T.A. (1969). Skewness and kurtosis as criteria of normality in observed frequency distributions. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 39(4), 1622–1627. doi:10.1306/74d71ec9-2b21-11d7-8648000102c1865d
Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A Framework of Mental Toughness in the World’s Best Performers. The Sport Psychologist, 2007, 21, 243-264.
Kalinin R., Balazsi R., Pentek I., Duica S., Hantiu I. (2019). Relationship between competitive anxiety and mental toughness: a latent regression analysis. Health, sport & rehabilitation medicine, 20, 70-74. doi.org/10.26659/pm3.2019.20.2.70
Kaiseler M., Polman R., Nicholls A., (2009). Mental toughness, stress, stress appraisal, coping and coping effectiveness in sport. Personality and Individual Differences, 47, 728–733, doi: 10.1016/j.paid. 2009. 06.012
Kobasa, S.C. (1979). Stressful life events, personality and health: An enquiry into hardiness Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1-11.
Loehr, J. (1986). Mental toughness training for sports: Achieving athletic excellence. Lexington, MA: Stephen Greene Press.
Mahoney J.W., Gucciardi D.F., Ntoumanis N., Mallet C.J., (2014). Mental toughness in sport: motivational antecedents and associations with performance and psychological health. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology; 36: 281–292.
Mellalieu, S.D., Hanton, S. and Fletcher, D., (2006). A competitive anxiety review: recent directions in sport psychology research. In Literature reviews in sport psychology, S. Hanton and S.D. Mellalieu (Eds), Hauppage, NY: Nova Science, pp. 145.
Miftakhul J, Lina H, Nabila N, Widohardhono R. (2018). Anxiety and Mental Toughness Among Athlete Students. Adv Social Sci, Educ Hum Res. 2nd Int Conf Educ Innov Vol. 212, 2018.
Nicholls A.R., Polman R.C.J., Levy A.R., Backhouse S.H. (2008). Mental toughness, optimism, pessimism, and coping among athletes. Personality and Individual Differences 44, 1182–1192.
Schaefer J., Vella S.A., Allen M.S. & Magee C.A. (2016). Competition Anxiety, Motivation, and Mental Toughness in Golf. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 28:3, 309-320. doi:10.1080/10413200.2016.1162219
Sheard, M., Golby, J., & van Wersch, A. (2009). Progress toward construct validation of the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 25, 186-193. doi: 10.1027/1015-5759.25.3.186
Wakefield, T.S. (2008). Mental toughness: Understanding the game of life. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
Weinberg, R. (2010). Mental toughness for sport, business, and life. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2021 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Educatio Artis Gymnasticae
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
