BIOART ‒ A NEW CHALLENGE IN CONTEMPORARY ART
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbphil.2019.spiss.11Keywords:
bioart, animal, exhibition, phenomenology, ethicsAbstract
Bioart ‒ a New Challenge in Contemporary Art. Lately, in contemporary art, one can find, more and more often, live animals with the status of artwork. Although animal rights activists consider this a flagrant violation of their most elementary rights, contemporary artists with a wide range of motivation often incorporate the live animal into their work and give it the title of artistic work. Another challenge in contemporary art is biotech art that provides the public with another field of representation that has as main themes its living tissues, cells and nucleus, DNA, bacteria, grafts, patches of tattooed skin, guinea pigs, phosphorescent rabbits, and a wide floral palette. To this trend, several art galleries rallied, that consider the living animal and certain aspects of biotechnological research, artwork, and their exposure as being a natural thing. Moreover, in recent decades, to this new current of bioart, groups of specialists from different fields also joined: biologists, psychologists, anthropologists, sociologists, historians, jurists, philosophers, and heterogeneous groups of art lovers. The questions addressed to all those who accept and consider this original work of art are the following: Why is the live animal in an exhibition, more aesthetically valuable than when it lives in its natural life or in a zoo, and why is the representation of DNA more relevant in the art gallery than in the laboratory?. Lastly, has BioArt any transformative capabilities on the general public?
References
Adorno, T. W., Thesis upon Art and Religion Today, în Gresammelte Schiften II. Notes zur Literatur, Frankfurt, Suhrkramp. 1970, p. 648.
Agamben, G., Timpul care rămâne. Un comentariu al Epistolei către romani. Ed. Tact, Cluj-Napoca. 2000.
Bailly, A., Dictionnaire grec-français, Hâchette, Paris, 1985.
Barrie, D., in Soulillau, J., L’impunité de l’art. Paris, Seuil, Introduction génerale, 1995, pp. 11‒19.
Barnard, C., Ethical Regulation and Animal Science: Why Animal Behaviour is special, Animal Behaviour, 74, 2007, 5‒13.
Biblia sau Sfânta Scriptură. Ed. Institutului Biblic și de Misiune al Bisericii Ortodoxe Române, București, 2001, sub coordonarea Mitropolitului Bartolomeu V. A.
Bădăliță, C., Văzutele și nevăzutele. Ed. Curtea Veche. București, 2004.
Beaufils, D., Bobrinskoy, B., Breck, J. şi col., Bioetica şi taina persoanei. Perspective ortodoxe, Ed. Bizantină, Bucureşti, 2006, p. 274.
Beauchamp, P., Parler d’Ecritures saines. Seuil, Paris, 1987, p. 84.
Beauchamp, in Soulillau, J., L’impunité de l’art. Paris, Seuil, Introduction génerale, 1995, pp. 11‒19.
Beecher, K. H., Ethics and clinical research, The New England Journal of Medicine, 274, 1966, pp. 1354‒1360.
Bentham, J., An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation, The Athlone Press, University of London, 1970.
Beaufils, D., Bobrinskoy, B., Breck, J. şi col., Bioetica şi taina persoanei. Perspective ortodoxe, Ed. Bizantină, Bucureşti, 2006, p. 274.
Berger, J., Feluri de a vedea. Ed. Velant, București, 2018.
Bianchi, E.; Michan, A. L.; Chiaranz, P., Oameni și animale. O perspectivă teologică și etică. Ed. Ratio et revelation, Oradea, 2013.
Blackburn, S., Dicţionar de filosofie Oxford, Ed. Univers Enciclopedic, Bucureşti, 1999.
Breck, J., The Sacred Gift of Life: Orthodox Christianity and Bioethics. St. Vladimir’s Seminary Press, Crestwood, New York, 1998.
Breton, A., in Soulillau, J., L’impunité de l’art. Paris, Seuil, Introduction génerale, 1995.
Boustean, F., Le vent se lêve. Beaux Arts magazine, nr. 225, 2003, p. 5.
Bustad, L. K., Hines, M. L., Rolul nostru în corelaţia om-animal şi în protecţia sănătăţii şi bunăstării omului. Traducere din al XXII-lea Congres Mondial de Medicină Veterinară, Perth, Australia, publicată în Bul. Informativ, S. M. V. din România, nr. 2/1984, 1983, p. 57‒62.
Boxer, S., Animals Have Taken Over Art, and Art Wonders Why; Metaphors Run Wild, but Sometimes a Cow Is Just a Cow. The New York Times, June 24: B9, B11, 2000.
Carruthers, P., The animals issue: moral theory in practice. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992.
Ciocan, C., Note privind problematica animalității în fenomenologie, Studii de istorie a filosofiei universale, 2014, pp. 234‒244.
Chirilă, I., Comunicare/comuniune în discursul bioeticii europene, Bioethica, nr. 2/2009, Ed. Studia Universitas Babeș-Bolyai, Anul LIV, 2009.
Cross, A., The animal is present, The ethics of animal use in contemporary Art. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 2018, pp 520‒528.
Cohen, C., The case for the use of animals in biomedical research, The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 315, No. 14, 1986.
Conte, R., L’art a-t-il tous les droits?. Revue Plastik nr. 2. Université, Paris, 2002.
Copoeru, I., Szabo, N., (coordonatori), Etică şi cultură profesională, Ed. Casa de Ştiinţă, Cluj-Napoca, 2008.
Cuthill, I., Field experiments in animal behaviour: methods and ethics. Animal Behaviour, 42, 1991, pp. 1007–1014.
Dennett, D. C., Tipuri mentale. O încercare de înțelegere a conștiinței. Ed. Humanitas, București, 1996.
De Grazia, D., The Moral Status of Animals and Their Use in Research: A Philosophical Review, in Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal 1(1), 1991, pp.48‒70.
Descartes, R., L’uomo. in Opere scientifiche. I. Laterza. Roma-Bari, 1966, p. 57.
Dewey, J., El arte como experiencia. Barcelona, España: Paidós, 2008.
Engelhardt, H. T. jr, Fundamentele bioeticii creştine. Perspectiva ortodoxă, Ed. Deisis, Sibiu 2005, p. 507.
Dickie, G., Art and Value. Ed. Blackwell, 2001.
Fleck, R., L’actionnisme viennois. In Hors limites. L’art et la vie. Paris Musée National d’Art Moderne, 1994, pp. 206‒207.
Flusser, V., Eine Korrigierte Greschichtsschreibung, in Artforum and Schriften, Band 2, Nachgeschichte, 1988.
Forsey, J., The Aesthetics of Design, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Gadamer H.-G., Adevar și metoda. Ed. Teora, București, 2001.
Gleizes, A., Metzinger, J., Du cubism. Èditions Prisence. Sisterom. 1980. 1912, pp. 74‒75.
Griffin, D. R., Animal thinking. London, Harvard University Press, 1984.
Gropius, W., Radition et continuite dans l'archtecture in Apollon dans la dèmocratie, 1964.
La nouvelle architecture et la Bauhaus. La Connaissance S. A. Bruxelles, 1969, p. 70.
Gluck, J. P.; DiPasquale, T.; Orlans, F. B., Applied ethics in animal research: Philosophy, regulation, and laboratory applications. Purdue University Press e-books OLD. Paper 16., 2002.
Goldstein, A., The Guggenheim’s Alexandra Munroe on Why ‘The Theater of the World’ Was Intended to Be Brutal. Artnet News, September 26, 2017.
Gutmann, M., Biotechik în Wilhem Korff et al. Lexicon der Biotechnik, Gutersloher Veragshaus, 2000.
Hainic, C., Early Theoretical Models for the Aesthetic Analysis of Non-Art Objects, Rivista di Estetica, vol. 63, nr. 3, 2016, pp. 188‒202.
Hayward, S., Biopsihologie, Ed. Tehnică, Bucureşti, 1999.
Harries, M., “Regarding the Pain of Rats: Kim Jones’s Rat Piece.” TDR: The Drama Review 51, 2007, pp. 160–165.
Hauser, J., L’art Biotech. Le lieu unique. Filigranes Editions, Nantes, 2003.
Heidegger, M., Introduction à la métaphysique, Paris, Gallimard, 1980, p. 161.
Heidegger, M., Qu’est-ce que la métaphysique? in Questions I. Paris. Gallimard, 1976, p. 56.
Heidegger, M., Originea operei de artă, traducere şi note Thomas Kleininger şi Gabriel Liiceanu, studiu introductiv de Constantin Noica, Editura Humanitas, Bucureşti, 1995.
Heidegger, M., Ființă şi timp, Ed. Humanitas, Bucureşti, 2003.
Heidegger, M., Poetry, Language, Thought. New York, Harper Modern Perennial Classics, 2001, p. 8.
Heinich, M., Se triple jeu de l'art contemporain. Sociologie des arts plastiques. Les Éditions du Minuit, Paris, 1998.
Hepple, B., The Ethics of Research Involving Animals, Nuffield Council of Bioethics, London, 2005.
Hope-Sailer, R., Organism/Art. Les recines histoques de lțart biotech, in L’art biotech. Edition Filigranes. France, 2003.
Hubner, J., Bioethic, în Martin Honecker et al. Evangelisches Soziallexicon, Neausgabe, Stuttgart, 2001.
Husserl, E. Ideen zu einer reiner Phänomenologie und phänomenologischen Philosophie.
Erstes Buch. Allgemeine Einführung in die reine Phänomenologie. Husserliana III/1. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976.
Husserl, E., On the Phenomenology of the Consciousness of Internal Time (1893–1914), J. B. Brough (trans.), Kluwer, Dordrecht, 1991.
Husserl, E., Zur Phänomenologie der Intersubjektivität. Texte aus dem Nachlass. Dritter Teil: 1929-1935 (Hrsg. von Iso Kern), Den Haag, Martinus Nijhoff, [Hua XV], 1973, p. 184.
Irvin, S., The pervasiveness of the aesthetic in ordinary experience. British Journal of aesthetics, 48(1), 2008, 22‒94.
Jamieson, D. Against Zoos, in In Defense of Animals:The Second Wave, edited by Peter Singer, 132–143. Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2006.
Jonson, A., The Birth of Bioethics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998.
Kac, E., GFP Bunny. Leonardo 36, 2003, pp. 97–102.
Kemmerer, L., In Search of Consistency: Ethics and Animals. Brill Academic Publishers, 2006.
Kistler, J. M., Animal Rights. A Subject Guide, Bibliography, and Internet Companion, London, Greenwood Press, 2000.
Kinsella, E., Animal Rights Activists Protest ‘Untitled (12 Horses)’ at Gavin Brown’s Enterprise. Artnet News, June 26, 2015.
Kuhn, S. T., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago Prees, Chicago, 1962.
Leddy, T., The extraordinary in the ordinary. Peterborough, Canada: Broadview Press, 2012.
Levin, A., Zoo Animals as Specimens, Zoo Animals as Friends, Environmental Philosophy 12, 2015, pp. 21–44.
Lessing, D., Articol în ziarul The New York Times, citat in Soulillau J., (1995). L’impunité de l’art. Paris, Seuil, Introduction génerale, 1995.
Marie, M., Edwards, S., Gandini, G., Reiss, M., Von Borell, E. (editori), Animal Bioethics.Principles and Teaching Methods. Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2005.
Matisse, H., Écrits et propos sus l’art. E. D. Fourcade. Herman, Paris, 1974, pp. 50‒51.
Merryman, J. H.; Elsen, A., Law. Ethics and the Visual Arts. New York, M. Brender, 1979.
Melchionne, K., The definition of everyday aesthetics. Contemporary Aesthetics,11, 2013, pp.16‒19.
Michaud, Y., Notes sur la dèontologie de l’artiste à l’âge modernein Gilbert V. Responsabilitès professionelles et dèontologie. Les limites èthiques de l'efficacitè. L’Harmattan, Paris, 2002, pp. 245‒259.
Midgely, M., The concept of Beastliness: Philosophy, Ethics and Animal Behavior, Philosophy, 48, 1973, pp. 111‒135.
Midgley, M., Wickedness. Routledge, 1984.
Morris, D., The Naked Ape, Jonathan Cape Édition, Canada, 1967.
Nietzsche, F., Amurgul idolilor. Ed. ETA. Cluj-Napoca, 1993.
O’Connell M., Threats to water birds and welands: implications for conservation, inventory and research. Wildfowe 51, 2000, pp.1‒15.
Preda, R., Tradiţie şi modernitate în dezbaterea bioetică actuală. Consideraţii social-teologice, Studia Universitas Babes-Bolyai, Bioethica, Liv, 2, 2009, pp.19‒49.
Rațiu, E. D., Lumea artei: imunitate sau responsabilitat? Problema responsabilității și a angajamentului în arta contemporană, în Rațiu, E. D., Mihaliuc C. (coord.). Artă, comunitate și spațiu public, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2003.
Rațiu, E. D., Experianța estetică a cotidianului. Explotări pentru o estetică practică, în Arta și viața cotidiană. Exploatări actuale în estetică, Ed. Casa Cărții de Știință, Cluj-Napoca, 2016.
Regan, T., Animal Rights, Human Wrongs, New York, Rowman and Little field Publischers, 1983.
Ryder, O. A.; Feistner, A. T. C., Research in zoos: A growth area in conservation. Biodiversit and Conservation 4 (6): 1995, pp. 671‒677.
Rollin, B. E., The Frankenstein Syndrome. Ethical and social issues in the genetic engineering of animals. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Rollin, B. E., Animal welfare, animal rights and agriculture. Journal of Animal Science, 68(10), 1990, pp. 3456‒3461.
Rosenberg, H., The American Action Painters, The Tradition of the New, in: Art News 51/8, 1959.
Russell, W. M. S.; Burch, R. L. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, London, UK: Methuen. vol. XIV, 1959, p. 238.
Rusu, A. S., Principii moderne de amenajare a grădinilor zoologice. Ed. Presa Universitară Clujană. Cluj-Napoca, 2008.
Saint-Simon, Doctrine. Exposition, première année 1828-1829. Trosiéme édition revue et augumentée. Paris. Au bureau de l’Oragnisateur, 1931, p. 94.
Saito, Y., Everyday Aesthetics. Oxford, NY, Oxford University Press, 2007.
Sartwell, C., The art of living: aesthetics of the ordinary in world spiritual traditions. Albany, NY, State University of New York Press, 1995.
Sapontzis, S., Morals, Reason and Animals. Temple University Press, Pbiladelphia, PA, 1987.
Schopenhauer, A., Parerga e paralimpomena. Adelphi, Milano, 1998, p. 489.
Shusterman, R., Analytic Aesthetics, Basil Blackwell, 2009.
Shusterman, R., Estetica pragmatică. Arta în stare vie, traducere de Ana Maria Pascal, Institutul European, Iași, 2004.
Singer, P., Animal Liberation: The Definitive Classic of the Animal Movement (P.S.) Reissue Edition, 1975.
Singer, P., Animal Liberation, Thorsons, London, 1991.
Singer, P., Practical Ethics. Cambridge University Press, 2011.
Sherwin, C. M., Christiansen, S. B., Duncan, I. J. H., Erhard, H. W., Lay, D. C., Mench, J. A., O’Connor, C. E., Petherick, C. J., Guidelines for the ethical use of animals in applied animal behaviour research, Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 81, 2003, pp. 291‒305.
Solini, P.; Hauser, J.; Flusser, E.; Flusser, W., L’Art biotech. Le lieu unique. Édition Filigrones. Trèzéan, France, 2003.
Soulillau, J., L’impunité de l’art. Paris, Seuil, Introduction génerale. 1995, pp. 11‒19.
Steeves, P. H., Animal Others: On Ethics, Ontology and Animal Life, SUNY Series in Contemporary Continental Philosophy, 1999.
Tafalla, M., The Aesthetic Appreciation of Animals in Zoological Parks. Contemporary Aesthetics 15, 2017, pp. 32‒34.
Tannenbaum, J., Ethics and animal welfare: the inextricable connection. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 198/8, 1991, pp. 1360‒1376.
Taylor, P. W. Are humans superior to animals? Environmental Ethics, vol. 6, 1984, pp.149–160.
Taylor, P. W., Respect for nature. A theory of environmental ethics. Princetown, Princetown University Press, 1985.
Thiers A., Le salon de peinture. Le Globe. 1824, p. 80.
Tolstoi, L., Qu’est-ce que l’art?. Ècrits sur l’art. Gallimard. Paris, 1971, p. 270.
Toma d’Aquino., Somma teologica. II-III.,q. 64.a.I. Salani, Firenze, voi. XVII, 1966, p.166.
Van der Tuurk, E., Recognising the Intrinsic Value of Animals, Editura Van Gorcum, Assen, 1999.
Van Rensselaer, Potter, Bioethics: bridge to the future, Englewood Cliffs (NJ), Ptretice Hall, p.1; Darryl, Macer, Eubios Journal of Asian and International Bioethics, nr.5/1995, 1971, p. 146.
Von Uexküll, J., La theorie de la signification. In Mondes animaux et mondes humains, Paris, Denoėl, 2004, p. 166.
Verhoog, H., Diversity of Livestock Systems and Definition of Animal Welfare. Proceedings of the Second NAHWOA Workshop, Cordoba, edit. M. Hovi si R. Garcia Trujillo, 2000, p.108–119.
Ward, P. E., Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals, The National Academies Press, Washington D.C. 2008.
Zanc, I., Lupu, I., Bioetica Medicala. Principii, dileme, solutii. Editura Medicala Universitara „Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj-Napoca, 2001.
***Dicționar enciclopedic. Le Petit Larousse Illustre, Ed. Amazon, 1995.
*** Consiliul Europei ‒ Grupul de lucru pentru Pregătirea de consultare multilaterală a patra a părţilor la Convenţia europeană pentru protecţia animalelor vertebrate utilizate în alte scopuri ştiinţifice şi în scopuri experimentale (ETS 123) 2000a. Iepuri revizuită. Propuneri pentru rozătoare &. Council of Europe, Strasbourg, France, Consiliul Europei, Strasbourg, Franţa.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philosophia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
