A PALIMPSESTUOUS INTERPRETATION OF RAMIN BAHRANI’S FAHRENHEIT 451

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2024.3.02

Keywords:

palimpsestuous interpretation, appropriation, Fahrenheit 451, Ramin Bahrani, Ray Bradbury, dystopia, technology

Abstract

A Palimpsestuous Interpretation of Ramin Bahrani’s Fahrenheit 451. Drawing on a poststructuralist approach to adaptation as an instance of intertextuality (Stam 2000) and Linda Hutcheon’s metaphorical description of adaptations as palimpsests (2006), this paper will analyse the ways in which Ramin Bahrani, director and co-writer of the script of Fahrenheit 451 (2018, HBO), rewrote Ray Bradbury’s dystopian novel by the same name, leaving only traces of the source text visible in his appropriation. Supposedly reimagining Bradbury’s text for a new generation of viewers, digital natives of the online virtual worlds, the film reads more like a heavy-handed filmic palimpsest that allows only some of the book’s ideas and memorable lines to resurface from underneath the new writing. Relying mostly on visual spectacle and the screenwriter-director’s own concerns about the fragility of civil rights, democracy and humaneness in a world increasingly controlled by certain interest groups through the internet and social media, the film leaves audiences wondering about the appropriateness of the title—an anchoring device promising a straightforward adaptation of the text—and the film’s actual relation with Bradbury’s novel.

Interpretarea filmului lui Ramin Bahrani Fahrenheit 451 ca palimpsest. Pornind de la abordarea poststructuralistă a adaptării ca manifestare a intertextualitățiii (Stam 2000) și descrierea metaforică a adaptării ca palimpsest pe care o face Linda Hutcheon (2006), această lucrare va analiza modalitățile prin care Ramin Bahrani, regizorul și coscenaristul filmului Fahrenheit 451 (2018, HBO), a rescris romanul distopic cu același titlu al lui Ray Bradbury păstrând în ecranizarea sa doar urme ale textului sursă. Anunțat ca o reimaginare a textului lui Bradbury pentru o nouă generație de spectatori, nativi digitali ai realităților virtuale online, filmul se prezintă mai degrabă ca un palimpsest cinematografic stângaci care permite ca doar o parte dintre ideile și pasajele binecunoscute ale romanului să fie vizibile în noul text. Bazându-se preponderent pe spectacolul vizual și pe preocuparea regizorului-scenarist pentru fragilitatea drepturilor civile, a democrației și umanității într-o lume controlată din ce în ce mai mult de către grupuri de interese prin internet și platforme sociale, filmul îi face pe spectatori să se întrebe dacă păstrarea titlului romanului—care promite o adaptare cinematografică convențională—este potrivită și care este de fapt natura relației dintre film și romanul lui Bradbury.

Cuvinte-cheie: interpretare palimpsestică, apropriere, Fahrenheit 451, Ramin Bahrani, Ray Bradbury, distopie, tehnologie

Article history: Received 15 March 2024; Revised 5 August 2024; Accepted 01 September 2024; Available online 30 September 2024; Available print 30 September 2024.

References

Bahrani, Ramin. 2018a. “Why ‘Fahrenheit 451’ Is the Book for Our Social Media Age.” The New York Times, May 10, 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/10/books/review/fahrenheit-451-ray-bradbury.html.

Bahrani, Ramin. 2018b. “Ramin Bahrani on the Challenge of Updating ‘Fahrenheit 451’ for Modern Audiences.” Interview by Christina Radish. Collider, May 18, 2018. https://collider.com/fahrenheit-451-ramin-bahrani-interview/.

Bahrani, Ramin, director. 2018c. Fahrenheit 451. New York, NY HBO. https://play.hbomax.com/page/urn:hbo:page:GWt98Rwq2Q7C7nAEAAAAa:type:feature.

Baker, Brian. 2005. “Ray Bradbury: Fahrenheit 451.” In A Companion to Science Fiction, edited by David Seed, 489-99. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Barber, Nicholas. 2018. “Fahrenheit 451: a place where books are burned,” The BBC, May 14, 2018. https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20180514-film-review-farenheit-451-the-place-where-books-are-burned.

Barthes, Roland. (1973) 1981. “Theory of the Text.” In Untying the Text, edited by Robert Young, 31-47. London: Routledge.

Bloom, Harold. 2007. “Summary and Analysis.” In Bloom’s Guides: ‘Fahrenheit 451’, edited by Harold Bloom, 16-46. New York: Infobase Publishing.

Bradbury, Ray. 1979. “Coda.” In Fahrenheit 451, 175-179. New York: Del Rey.

Bradbury, Ray. (1953) 2008. Fahrenheit 451. London: Harper Voyager.

Bradbury, Ray. 2002. “Fahrenheit 451 Revisited.” UCLA Magazine, July 1, 2002. https://newsroom.ucla.edu/magazine/fahrenheit-451-revisited-ray-bradbury

Bradbury, Ray. 2010. “NEA Big Read: Meet Ray Bradbury,” by Lawrence Bridges, June 10, 2010. Audio, 22:19. www.arts.gov/stories/video/nea-big-read-meet-ray-bradbury.

Cardwell, Sarah. 2018. “Pause, Rewind, Replay: Adaptation, Intertextuality and (Re)Defining Adaptation Studies.” In The Routledge Companion to Adaptation, edited by Dennis Cutchins, Katja Krebs and Eckhart Voigts, 7-17. Abington, Oxon: Routledge.

Csicsery-Ronay, Jr, Istvan. 2005. “Science Fiction/Criticism.” In A Companion to Science Fiction, edited by David Seed, 43-59. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.

Dillon, Sarah. 2007. The Palimpsest. Literature, Theory, Criticism. London & New York: Continuum Books.

Dudley, Andrew. 2011. “Economies of Adaptation.” In True to the Spirit. Film Adaptation and the Question of Fidelity, edited by Colin MacCabe, Kathleen Murray, and Rick Warner, 27-39. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

Eller Jonathan R. and William F. Touponce. (2004) 2008. “The Simulacrum of Carnival: Fahrenheit 451.” In Bradbury’s ‘Fahrenheit 451.’ Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations. New Edition, edited by Harold Bloom, 91-114. New York: Infobase Publishing.

Elliott, Kamilla. 2020. Theorizing Adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press.

Gaiman, Neil. 2013. “Introduction.” In Fahrenheit 451. 60th Anniversary Edition, by Ray Bradbury, xi-xvi. New York/London: Simon and Schuster.

Genette, Gérard. [1982] 1997. Palimpsests. Literature in the Second Degree. Translated by Channa Newman and Claude Doubinski. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.

Hermansson, Cassie. 2015. “Flogging Fidelity. In Defense of the (Un)Dead Horse.” Adaptation 8, no. 2 (August): 147-160. DOI: 10.1093/adaptation/apv014

Hutcheon, Linda. 2006. A Theory of Adaptation. New York, London: Routledge.

Jordan, Michael B. 2018. “‘Fahrenheit 451’: Michael B. Jordan and Ramin Bahrani Break Down the Big Differences From Book to Screen.” Interview by Ben Travers. Indiewire, May 19, 2018. https://www.indiewire.com/features/general/fahrenheit-451-movie-book-michael-b-jordan-differences-1201966192/.

Kagle. Steven E. [1992] 2008. “Homage to Melville: Ray Bradbury and the Nineteenth-Century American Romance.” In Bradbury’s ‘Fahrenheit 451.’ Bloom’s Modern Critical Interpretations. New Edition, edited by Harold Bloom, 19-29. New York: Infobase Publishing.

Kristeva, Julia.1986 (1966). “Word, Dialogue and Novel.” In The Julia Kristeva Reader, edited by Toril Moi, 34-61. New York: Columbia University Press.

Lui, John. 2018. “Fahrenheit 451 is reduced to an action flick movie adaptation.” The Straits Times, updated May, 31, 2018. https://www.straitstimes.com/lifestyle/entertainment/a-snuffed-out-fahrenheit-451.

McGiveron, Rafeeq O. 1996. "What 'Carried the Trick'? Mass exploitation and the decline of thought in Ray Bradbury's 'Fahrenheit 451.'" Extrapolation 37, no. 3: 245+. Gale Academic OneFile. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A18884233/AONE?u=anon~9892946a&sid=googleScholar&xid=249fee2f.

Sanders, Julie. 2006. Adaptation and Appropriation (The New Critical Idiom). Abington, Oxon: Routledge.

Sisario, Peter. 1970. “A Study of the Allusions in Bradbury's ‘Fahrenheit 451.’” The English Journal 59, no. 2 (Feb.): 201-205+212.

Smolla, Rodney A. 2009. “The Life of the Mind and a Life of Meaning: Reflections on ‘Fahrenheit 451.’” Michigan Law Review, vol. 107, no.6: 895-912.

Stam, Robert. 2000. “Beyond Fidelity: The Dialogics of Adaptation.” In Film Adaptation, edited by James Naremore, 54-76. New Brunswick: Rutgers.

Zipes, Jack. 1983. “Mass Degradation of Humanity and Massive Contradictions in Bradbury’s Vision of America in ‘Fahrenheit 451.’” In No Place Else: Explorations in Utopian and Dystopian Fiction, edited by Martin H. Greenberg, Joseph D. Olander and Erik S. Rabkin, 182-198. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

Downloads

Published

2024-09-30

How to Cite

POPESCU, V. T. (2024). A PALIMPSESTUOUS INTERPRETATION OF RAMIN BAHRANI’S FAHRENHEIT 451. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia, 69(3), 29–46. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2024.3.02

Issue

Section

Articles