PSYCHOLOGICAL SAFETY AND TRUST. A CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24193/subbpsyped.2019.1.05Keywords:
psychological safety, trust, performance, teams, groups, members, relations, organisationsAbstract
Working in an environment that feels safe is one of the most important aspects when studying performant teams. Team or group members must trust each other while working together on various tasks. This trust is gained over time, after successfully passing through all phases of team development. In this theoretical paper, we discussed the concept of psychological safety in the relation between trust and performance. We approached both Edmondson's idea of interpersonal trust as a prerequisite for psychological safety and the idea that psychological safety might be a mediator that influences the well-known relationship between interpersonal trust and team performance. After making the required theoretical clarifications, we concluded that further investigation is needed to have a clear conclusion on this topic.References
Ahmed, S.N. (2014). Trust and Team Performance. European Academic Research, 1 (11), 4991-4998.
Baer, M. and Frese, M. (2003), Innovation is not Enough: Climates for Initiative and Psychological Safety, Process Innovations, and Firm Performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 45–68.
Barber, B. (1983). The Logic and Limits of Trust. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Baron, R.M., & Kenny, D.A. (1986). The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
Braun, S., Peus, C., Weisweiler, S. & Frey, D. (2013). Transformational Leadership, Job Satisfaction, and Team Performance: A Multilevel Mediation Model of Trust. The Leadership Quarterly, 24 (1), 270-283.
Brown, S.P., & Leigh, T.W. (1996). A New Look at Psychological Climate and its Relationship to Job Involvement, Effort and Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81 (4), 358-368.
Carmeli, A., & Gittell, J.H., (2009). High-quality Relationships, Psychological Safety, and Learning from Failures in Work Organizations. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 30, 709–729.
Cohen, B.H. (2001). Explaining Psychological Statistics (2nd ed.). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Cohen, J. (1994). The Earth is Round (p<.05). American Psychologist, 49, 997-1003.10. Cohen, S.G., & Bailey, D.E. (1997). What Makes Teams Work: Group Effectiveness Research from the Shop Floor to the Executive Suite. Journal of Management, 23, 239-290.
Cook, J., & Wall, T. (1980). New Work Attitude Measures of Trust, Organizational Commitment and Personal Need Non-fulfillment. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 53, 39–52.
Costa, A.C., Roe, R.A., & Taillieu, T. (2001). Trust Within Teams: The Relation with Performance Effectiveness. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 10, 225-244.
Cummings, L.L., & Bromiley, P. (1996). The Organizational Trust Inventory (OTI): Development and Validation. In R. M. Kramer, & T.R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in organizations: Frontiers of theory and research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Devine, D.J. (2002). A Review and Integration of Classification Systems Relevant to Teams in Organizations. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6, 291-310. Dirks, K.T., (1999). The Effects of Interpersonal Trust on Work Group Performance.
Journal of Applied Psychology, 84, 445-455.Drach-Zahavy, A. (2004). Exploring Team Support: The Role of Team’s Design, Values, and Leader’s Support. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 8, 235-252.
Edmondson, A.C. (1999). Psychological Safety and Learning Behavior in Work Teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44, 350-383.
Edmondson, A.C. (2003) Managing the Risk of Learning: Psychological Safety in Work Teams, in M.A. West, D. Tjosvold, & K. G. Smith (Eds), International Handbook of Organizational Teamwork and Cooperative Working, Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Edmondson, A.C. (2004). Psychological Safety, Trust, and Learning in Organizations: A Group-level Lens. In R. Kramer & K. Cook (Eds.), Trust: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions. New York: Russell Sage.
Edmondson, Amy. (2011). Psychological Safety, Trust, and Learning in Organizations: A Group-level Lens. Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Dilemmas and Approaches.
Edmondson, A.C. & Lei, Z. (2014). Psychological Safety: The History, Renaissance, and Future of an Interpersonal Construct. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology & Organizational Behavior, Vol. 1, Issue 1, pp. 23-43.
Forsyth, D.R. (1999). Group Dynamics (3rd ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. Good, D. (1988). Individuals, Interpersonal Relations and Trust. In D. Gambetta (Ed.), Trust Making and Breaking Cooperative Relations. New York: Basil Blackwell.
Frazier, M.L., Fainshmidt, S., Klinger, R.L., Pezeshkan, A., & Vracheva, V.P. (2017). Psychological Safety: A Meta-Analytic Review and Extension.
Guzzo, R.A., & Shea, G.P. (1992). Group Performance and Intergroup Relations in Organizations. in Dunnette, M.D., & Hough, L.M. (Eds.), Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology (2nd ed.). Palo Alto: Consulting Psychologists Press. Hackman, J.R., (1987). The Design of Work Teams. Handbook of Organizational Behavior, 315-342.
Homer, L.T. (1995). Trust: The Connecting Link Between Organizational Theory and Philosophical Ethics. Academy of Management Review, 20, 379-403.
Ilgen, R.D., Hollenbeck, J.R., Johnson, M. & Jundt, D. (2005). Teams in Organizations: From Input-Output Models to IMOI Models. Annual Review Psychology, 56, 517-543.
Jones, G.R., & George, J.M. (1998). The Experience and Evolution of Trust: Implications for Cooperation and Teamwork. Academy of Management Review, 23, 531-546.
Kahn, W.A. (1990). Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work. Academy of Management Journal, 33 (4), 692-724.
Kellermanns, F.W., Floyd, S, Pearson, A. & Spencer, B. (2008). The Interactive Effects of Shared Mental Models and Constructive Confrontation on Decision Quality. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29, 119-137.
Kozlowski, S.W.J., & Ilgen, D.R. (2006). Enhancing the effectiveness of work groups and teams. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7, 77-124.
Kramer, R.M. (1999). Trust and Distrust in Organizations: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions. Annual Review of Psychology, 50, 569-598.
Langfred, C.W., (2004). Too Much of a Good Thing? Negative Effects of High Trust and Individual Autonomy in Self-Managing Teams. Academy of Management Journal, 47 (3). 385-399.
Lawler, E.E. (1996). From the Ground up: Six Principles for Creating the New Logic Corporation. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lewicki, R.J. & Bunker, B.B. (1995). Trust in Relationships: A Model of Development and Decline. in B.B. Bunker & J.Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict, Co-operation and Justice. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Lewicki, R.J. & Bunker, B.B. (1996). Developing and Maintaining Trust in Work
Relationships. In R.M. Kramer & T.R. Tyler (Eds.) Trust in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Likert, R. (1961). New Patterns of Management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Likert, R. (1967). The Human Organization: Its Management and Value. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Mach, M., Dolan, S., & Tzafrir, S. (2010). The Differential Effect of Team Members' Trust on Team Performance: The Mediation Role of Team Cohesion. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83, 771-794.
Marks, M.A., Mathieu, J.E., & Zaccaro, S.J. (2001). A Temporally Based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes. Academy of Management Review, 26, 356-376. May, D.R., Gilson, R.L., & Harter, L.M. (2004), The Psychological Conditions of Meaningfulness, Safety and Availability and the Engagement of the Human Spirit at Work. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 11-37.
Mayer, R.C., Davis, J.H., & Schoorman, F.D. (1995). An Integrative Model of Organizational Trust. Academy of Management Review, 20, 709–734. McAllister, D.J. (1995). Affect and Cognition Based Trust as Foundations for Interpersonal Cooperation in Organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 38, 24–59.
McGrath, J.E. (1984). Groups: Interaction and Performance. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Newman, A., Donohue, R., & Eva, N. (2017). Psychological safety: A systematic review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 27(3), 521-535.
Nielsen, R.P. (1996). The Politics of Ethics: Methods for Acting, Learning, and Sometimes Fighting, with Others in Addressing Ethics Problems in Organizational Life. New York: Oxford University Press.
Peters, L., & Karren, R.J. (2009). An Examination of the Roles of Trust and Functional Diversity on Virtual Team Performance Ratings. Group & Organization Management, 34(4), 479-504.
Popa, M. (2010). Statistici Multivariate Aplicate în Psihologie. Iași: Polirom.
Reina, M.L., Reina, D.S., & Rushton, C.H. (2007). Trust: The Foundation for Team Collaboration and Healthy Work Environments, AACN an Advanced Critical Care, 18, 103-108.
Reina, M.L., Rushton, C.H., Francovich, C., Naumann, P., & Reina, D.S. (2010). Application of the Reina Trust and Betrayal Model to the Experience of Pediatric Critical Care Clinicians. American Journal of Critical Care, 19, 41-51.
Robinson, S.L. (1996). Trust and Breach of the Psychological Contract. Administrative Science Quarterly, 41. 574-99.
Rousseau, M.T., Stikin, S.B., Burt, S.B., & Carmerer, C. (1998). Not so Different After all: Across-discipline View of Trust. Academy of Management Review, 23, 393–404.
Rozovsky, J. (2015). The Five Keys to a Successful Google Team. Retrieved from https://rework.withgoogle.com/blog/five-keys-to-a-successful-google-team/
Sava, F. (2004). Analiza Datelor în Cercetarea Psihologică. Metode Statistice Complementare. Cluj-Napoca: ASCR.
Shapiro, D.L., Sheppard, B.H.&Cheaskin, L., (1992). Business on a Handshake. Negotiation Journal, 8, 365-77.
Smith, J.B., & Barclay, W.B. (1997). The Effects of Organizational Differences and Trust on the Effectiveness of Selling Partner Relationships. Journal of Marketing, 61, 3–21.
Soares, A.E. & Lopes, M.P. (2014). Social networks and psychological safety: A model of contagion. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management 7(5), 995-1012.
Spector, M.D., & Jones, G.E. (2004). Trust in the Workplace: Factors Affecting Trust Formation Between Team Members. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144, 311-321.
Steiner, I.D., 1972. Group Process and Productivity. New York: Academic Sundstrom, E. (1999) The Challenges of Supporting Work Team Effectiveness. in E. Sundstrom & Associates (Eds.). Supporting Work Team Effectiveness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Sundstrom, E., De Meuse, K.P., & Futrell, D. (1990). Work Teams: Applications and Effectiveness. American Psychologist, 45, 120-133.
Tan, H.H., & Lim, A.K.H. (2009). Trust in Coworkers and Trust in Organizations, The Journal of Psychology, 143, 45-66.
Thorgren, S., & Caiman, E. (2019) The Role of Psychological Safety in Implementing Agile Methods across Cultures, Research-Technology Management, 62:2, 31-39.
Turner, S. & Harder, N. (2018). Psychological Safe Environment: A Concept Analysis, Clinical Simulation in Nursing, Volume 18, 47-55.
Tyler, T.R., & Kramer, R.M. (1996). Whither Trust? In R.M. Kramer & T.R. Tyler (Eds.), Trust in Organizations: Frontiers of Theory and Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wanless, S.B. (2016). The Role of Psychological Safety in Human Development. Research in Human Development 13(1):6-14.
Zand, D.E. (1972). Trust and Managerial Problem Solving. Administrative Science Quarterly, 17, 229–239.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2019 Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Psychologia-Paedagogia
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
