LIONS AND SHE-WOLVES: KINGSHIP, QUEENSHIP AND THE LEGITIMACY OF POWER IN SHAKESPEARE’S HISTORICAL PLAYS

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.2.10

Keywords:

animal imagery, gender relations, historical plays, kingship, legitimacy, queenship, power, Shakespeare

Abstract

Lions and She-Wolves: Kingship, Queenship and the Legitimacy of Power in Shakespeare’s Historical Plays. A recent collection of studies about Shakespeare and animals (Raber and Dugan 2021) cogently points out that the playwright’s bestiary is so charged symbolically and metaphorically that these nonhuman creatures rarely speak for themselves. However, the benefit of (Shakespeare’s) animal studies lies in the intersectional framework, specifically, for the purposes of this paper, the discussion about the structures of power and subjugation with the combined tools of gender studies and animal studies, as theorized a few decades ago by Adams and Donovan (1995). Starting from the shared scope of these areas of research, the present paper discusses gender relations and the stratification of power described in Shakespeare’s historical plays by means of a quantitative and qualitative analysis of specific animal imagery. While the lion is a recurrent symbolic animal evoked in these plays with reference to kingship, bearing positive connotations of legitimate power, he is often contrasted with the wolf, symbolizing usurpation, misrule, lack of legitimate authority. The she-wolf, although mentioned only once, is evoked in order to suggest an equally stark contrast, between male (and native) kingship and female (and foreign) queenship. Drawing on Elizabeth Norton’s (2009) and Helen Castor’s (2011) use of this animal phrase to address the relevance of female sovereignty in medieval and early modern England, our paper discusses how the choice of animals and the number of occurrences in Shakespeare’s Henriad reflects the early modern perceptions about (monstrous) female rule.

Article history: Received 14 February 2022; Revised 4 May 2022; Accepted 5 May 2022; Available online 30 June 2022; Available print 30 June 2022.

REZUMAT. Lei și lupoaice: regalitate masculină, suveranitate feminină și puterea legiuită în piesele istorice ale lui Shakespeare. Într-un volum recent dedicat studiilor shakespeariene și animalelor (Raber și Dugan 2021) se arată că bestiarul dramaturgului englez este atât de încărcat, metaforic și simbolic, încât ființele non-umane arareori vorbesc în nume propriu. Dar ceea ce aduc studiile despre animale în opera lui Shakespeare este abordarea intersecțională, în special, cu relevanță pentru studiul de față, discutarea structurilor de putere și subjugare cu metodele specifice studiilor de gen și studiilor despre animale, așa cum au fost acestea dezvoltate în ultimii ani de Adams și Donovan (1995), de pildă. Inspirându-se din discursul comun al acestor discipline, lucrarea abordează relațiile de gen și stratificarea puterii din piesele istorice shakespeariene prin analiza cantitativă și calitativă a unor imagini specifice legate de animale. Leul este animalul cel mai frecvent evocat în legătură cu regalitatea, cu conotații pozitive, de putere legitimă, așezat adesea în contrast cu lupul, care semnifică uzurparea, lipsa ordinii și a autorității legiuite. Lupoaica, deși menționată o singură dată, are menirea de a face un contrast la fel de izbitor, între regalitatea masculină (și pământeană) și suveranitatea feminină (și venetică). Pornind de la sensul dat lupoaicei în cărțile lui Elizabeth Norton (2009) și Helen Castor (2011) în legătură cu regalitatea feminină în Anglia medievală și a modernității timpurii, lucrarea de față demonstrează cum, prin alegerea animalelor și frecvența evocării lor, Henriada lui Shakespeare reflectă percepția epocii față de conducerea feminină, percepută adesea ca fiind monstruoasă.

Cuvinte-cheie: animale, legitimitate, piese istorice, putere, relații de gen, regalitate, Shakespeare, suveranitate feminină

Author Biographies

Dana PERCEC, West University of Timișoara, Romania, dana.percec@e-uvt.ro

Dana PERCEC is Professor of English literature at the West University of Timișoara, Romania. She teaches early modern literature, Victorian literature, literary translation. Her areas of interest include cultural history and gender studies. She is a PhD supervisor in English literature, Comparative literature. She is a member of several professional and scientific societies, including the Romanian Writers’ Union and The European Society for the Study of English. She has published books about Shakespeare’s theatre and about British culture and civilization, as well as chapters in collective volumes and articles in Scopus, Erih+, Ebsco indexed international journals. She has edited a collection about middle-brow literary genres (historical fiction, romance, fantasy, children’s literature, crime fiction). She is a member in the editorial board of several WoS indexed journals (British and American Studies, Brukenthalia). Email: dana.percec@e-uvt.ro

Andreea ŞERBAN, West University of Timișoara, Romania, andreea.serban@e-uvt.ro

Andreea ŞERBAN is Associate Professor of English literature at the West University of Timișoara, Romania. She teaches British culture and civilisation, as well as gender discourse and its translation. Her research interests cover Anglophone literatures, modern transmediations of William Shakespeare’s works (manga in particular), gender and cultural studies. In addition to several books on Margaret Atwood’s novels, Shakespeare’s theatre, the cultural history of England/Britain and the rewritings of Little Red Riding Hood, her publications include book chapters in various thematic volumes and a series of articles in WoS, Scopus and Erih+ indexed academic journals. She is also a member of the Interdisciplinary Centre for Gender Studies at the university where she currently teaches and co-editor of Gender Studies Journal. Email: andreea.serban@e-uvt.ro

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Published

2022-06-30

How to Cite

PERCEC, D. ., & ŞERBAN, A. . (2022). LIONS AND SHE-WOLVES: KINGSHIP, QUEENSHIP AND THE LEGITIMACY OF POWER IN SHAKESPEARE’S HISTORICAL PLAYS. Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia, 67(2), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.2.10

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